We start by introducing the idea of echo chambers. Echo chambers are social and epistemic structures in which opinions, leanings, or beliefs about certain topics are amplified and reinforced due to repeated interactions within a closed system; that is, within a system that has a rather homogeneous sample of sources or people, which all share the same attitudes towards the topics in question. Echo chambers are a particularly dangerous phenomena because they prevent the critical assessment of sources and contents, thus (...) leading the people living within them to deliberately ignore or exclude opposing views. In the second part of this paper, we argue that the reason for the appearance of echo chambers lies in the adoption of what we call ‘epistemic vices’. We examine which vices might be responsible for their emergence, and in doing so, we focus on a specific one; ‘epistemic violence’. In assessing and evaluating the role of this epistemic vice, we note that it can be triggered by epistemic contexts characterized by high stakes that may turn ordinary intellectual virtues (such as skepticism) into vices (such as denialism). In the third part of this contribution, we suggest a way to deal with echo chambers. The solution focuses on advocating a responsibilist pedagogy of virtues and vices that -we claim- might be capable of preventing their emergence. (shrink)

The photographs that circulated on social media depicting the atrocious acts committed by the Turkish military forces in southeast Turkey are indicative of an aesthetic construction of militarized masculinity that serves as a metonym for the nation‐state. As violence is aestheticized in a gendered fashion in these depictions, the Kurdish resistance movement is shamed as feminine. Gendered shaming, in this context, conjoins racialization and gendering as subjugating mechanisms of the state. Women's peace movements seek to disrupt this heteropatriarchal logic of (...) the state by countering the tripartite alignment of masculinity‐power‐domination with politicized art. In refusing the shame attributed to femininity, the shame that the state desires the Kurdish body to signify, they transfigure shame into honor and resistance. (shrink)

By all accounts, virtue epistemology is making a value turn in contemporary analytic epistemology. In this article, this twist is explicated through the transformation of the understanding of epistemic values and the value of the epistemic. In the first sense, we are talking about how the view has changed on what determines the epistemic value of such categories as truth, knowledge, understanding, etc. In the second sense, we are talking about the value of our epistemic concepts (the value of the (...) epistemic): what is true belief, knowledge, etc. for? It is shown how the causal link between our beliefs and intellectual virtues allows us to explain the nature and value of knowledge as a central category of epistemology. The author reveals the difference between the main types of virtue epistemology through the prism of two different approaches to the justification of values: value internalism and value externalism. Value externalism assumes that a state/motive/action gains value from something outside of a person's consciousness. In contrast, value internalism holds that the conditions that determine value are internal to consciousness. For reliabilism, the value of cognitive success lies in its causal connection with the reliable competences of the subject, for responsibilism – with virtuous motives of cognitive activity. Common to reliabilism and responsibilism is that they shift the focus from the value of an effect (truth) to its relationship with the value of a cause – an ability or excellent trait of intellectual character. The main approaches to substantiating the fundamental value of knowledge in virtue epistemology are analyzed. If for reliabilism the highest epistemic value is truth as cognitive achievement, then for responsibilism the value of epistemic categories is primarily in their moral significance – the achievement of a good life and happiness (eudaimonia). In conclusion, the problematic aspects of virtue epistemology are formulated and promising directions for its further development are shown. (shrink)

ABSTRACTThis essay offers a rethinking of the gendered body as both lived and historically constituted. These two dimensions are sometimes seen as irreconcilable, especially by some proponents of p...

The paper analyzes the strategy of refuting skepticism by virtue epistemology of Ernest Sosa. Responses to skeptical challenge are overviewed. The philosophical and meta-philosophical strategies are outlined. The solution based on distinguishing between reflective knowledge and animal knowledge is considered. The internalist assumptions of skepticism are critically exposed. The notion of web of belief is further used to support an anti-skeptical position. Shane Ryan’s notion of epistemic grace is put forward in defense of the virtue epistemology approach.

Among the Turkish verse texts, the mawlid named Wasīlat al-najāt by Süleyman Çelebi has been one of the most widely read works in various geographies for centuries. The text of Mawlid, which has been produced in many manuscripts over time, has diversified, and various versions have emerged. Although there is no detailed information about its beginning and development, it is understood that Süleyman Çelebi’s mawlid had a musical performance form from an early period. In integrating Mawlid with music, various forms (...) of performance developed over time and stated that were composed in some narratives. In some Mawlid manuscripts, it is found that various maqām names are written next to the couplet or on the mar-gin of the pages. Nineteen manuscripts of the Mawlid registered with maqām information, which have essential clues in terms of the performance of the work, have been identified and analyzed in this study. After a brief introduction of the copies, the formal features of the Mawlid manuscripts with the maqām registered, their characteristics for use in performance, and the frequency of recording the maqām names were evaluated. In the nineteen Mawlid copies investigated, the preferred maqāms for each divi-sion/chapter were listed numerically. Thus, the preferred maqāms in the performance and the maqām diversity in the manuscripts were analyzed comparatively. The performance features reflected in the Mawlid manuscripts and the transfers regarding the composition of the Mawlid were discussed through the results. (shrink)

Teravih namazının dört rekâtlık bölümlerinin farklı makamlardan tilavetle kılınması ile aralarında uygun ilahi ve salavatların okunması şeklindeki cami musikisi uygulaması teravih tertibi adıyla anılmaktadır. Tarihi süreciyle ilgili detaylı bilgi bulunmasa da özellikle son yüzyılda Ramazan ayının her gecesi için seçilmiş ilahilerin yer aldığı birkaç derleme kaleme alınmıştır. Bu çalışmada Kasımpaşa Mevlevîhânesi dervişlerinden Edirneli Ömer Efendi tarafından 1889’da hazırlanan, bugün Milli Kütüphane Yazmalar Koleksiyonu’nda A-1258 numarada kayıtlı, Ramazân-ı Şerîfe Mahsûs Âyîn-i Şerîf Mecmûası değerlendirilecektir. Mecmuanın diğer tertiplerden farkı, repertuvarın ağırlıklı olarak Mevlevî (...) âyinlerinden seçilen pasajlardan oluşmasıdır. Yirmi altı gece için hazırlanan mecmuanın girişinde bir fihrist yer almaktadır. İlerleyen sayfalarda her gece için seçilen âyin pasajları ve az sayıdaki ilahinin güfteleri yazılmıştır. Çalışmada öncelikle mecmuanın yapısı, düzeni ve kullanımı analiz edilmiştir. Ardından pasajlarının hangi Mevlevî âyinlerine ait olduğu tespit edilerek mecmuanın repertuvarı ortaya konmuştur. Buradan hareketle ilgili mecmua ile sonraki teravihe mahsus ilahi derlemelerinin mukayesesi yapılarak teravih tertibinde ortaya çıkan çeşitlilik tartışılmıştır. (shrink)

Deep disagreement is a disagreement about epistemic principles, pertaining to the methods of justification and argumentation. Relying on Ludwig Wittgenstein’s conceptual metaphor of “hinges,” researchers arrive at the conclusion that deep disagreement cannot be resolved. This conclusion leads to relativism in the theory of argumentation. The aim of the article is to show that in the situation of deep disagreement it is theoretically possible to ascertain which of the positions of the participants of the argument has a better epistemic status, (...) and hence, is argumentatively virtuous. (shrink)

Bu çalışmada Ali Kuşçu’nun ‘sayı tanımı’, birlik, çokluk, bir, çok, nicelik, toplam, sayma, vb. kavramlar etrafında ele alınacaktır. Öncelikle konunun önemini tebarüz ettirmek için çağdaş matematik felsefesinde ‘sayı tanımı’ hakkındaki tartışmalara çok kısa bir göz atılacaktır. Akabinde Ali Kuşçu’nun konuyla ilgili yaklaşımı hem el-Muhammediyye fi’l-hisâb hem de Şerhu’t-Tecrîd adlı eserleri üzerinden takip edilecek ve düşünceleri çözümlenecektir. Ayrıca, Ali Kuşçu’nun yaklaşımıyla bir mukâyese için Şemseddin İsfehânî’nin Tesdîdü’l-kavâid fî şerhi Tecrîdi’l-akâid adlı şerhi ile Seyyid Şerîf’in Hâşiye’sindeki konuyla ilgili düşünceler kısaca serimlenecektir. Ali (...) Kuşçu’nun temsil ettiği tutumun arka-planı, özellikle Tebriz matematik-astronomi okulu mensuplarının, Nizâmuddin Nîsâbûrî, İbn Havvâm, Kemâluddin Fârisî ile Cemâluddin Turkistânî, Ebü’l-Hasan Behmenî ve Ali b. el-Ğarbî’nin kaleme aldığı eserler ile Ali Kuşçu’nun da üyesi bulunduğu Semerkand matematik-astronomi okulu mensubu Cemşîd Kâşî’nin Miftâhu’l-hussâb adlı kitabı üzerinden inşa edilecektir. Daha sonra, Ali Kuşçu’nun İstanbul’da tetiklediği tartışmanın izleri sürülerek, Fenârîzâde Ali Çelebî gibi matematikçiler ile muhâsebe matematikçisi Kâtib Alâuddin Yusuf‘un konuyla ilgili değerlendirmeleri ele alınacak, tüm bunların Takiyuddin Râsıd’daki izdüşümleri göz önünde bulundurularak kısa bir değerlendirmesi yapılacaktır. (shrink)

Advances in artificial intelligence and robotics stand to change many aspects of our lives, including our values. If trends continue as expected, many industries will undergo automation in the near future, calling into question whether we can still value the sense of identity and security our occupations once provided us with. Likewise, the advent of social robots driven by AI, appears to be shifting the meaning of numerous, long-standing values associated with interpersonal relationships, like friendship. Furthermore, powerful actors’ and institutions’ (...) increasing reliance on AI to make decisions that may affect how people live their lives may have a significant impact on privacy while also raising issues about algorithmic transparency and human control. In this paper, building and expanding on previous works, we will look at how the deployment of Artificial Intelligence technology may lead to changes in identity, security, and other crucial values (such as friendship, fairness, and privacy). We will discuss what challenges we may face in the process, while critically reflecting on whether such changes may be desirable. Finally, drawing on a series of considerations underlying virtue ethics, we will formulate a set of preliminary suggestions, which—we hope—can be used to more carefully guide the future roll out of AI technologies for human flourishing; that is, for social and moral good. (shrink)

The most fundamental subject and aim of the Islamic belief system is the subject of maʿrifatullah (knowing Allah). Studies on this subject are mostly called ithbāt al-wājib (the demonstration of God) in the literature. They are considered the most valuable work for kalām, philosophy and mysticism schools. Kalām schools started to use this conceptualization intensively after Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, mainly under the influence of Ibn Sīnā. Sūfis, on the other hand, most participated in these studies based on the theory of (...) the unity of existence. In kalām, all the principles of belief are ultimately grounded to explain and strengthen faith in Allah. For this reason, belief in Allah is referred to as aṣl al-uṣūl (the origin of all principles). Throughout history, scholars of kalām discussed the creedal issues of Islam in the Muslim society while it tried to answer the creedal issues abroad by the expanding Islamic geography with studies on ithbāt al-wājib. In this framework, the problems of prophecy and the hereafter are included in kalām. Since the beginning of the history of kalām, it has used the theory of atomism to a large extent, especially in defending the existence of Allah against materialists. The systematisation of Islamic philosophy and mysticism in time, the kalām cosmological argument, the argument from contingency of philosophers and the argument from kashf and ilhām of Sūfis strengthened this area from three different branches. On the other hand, the interaction of these schools within themselves and the diversification of the interlocutors of studies on ithbāt al-wājib brought these arguments closer together. The convergence in terms of terminology, subject and methodology, especially after Shahrestānī and Rāzī, revealed the tradition of philosophical theology. In this process, theologians began to use both the concepts of temporality (hudūth) and contingency (imkān) to use ontological, cosmological and teleological proofs. Dawānī, one of the eminent figures of these studies in the last periods of Ottomans, is the subject of our research, due to his skills in utilising these proofs of ithbāt al-wājib and his influence in the studies after him. His review of the matter can be observed in his effort in his works where he deals with the so-called deficiencies and errors of his predecessors regarding ithbāt al-wājib. For this reason, many annotations and commentaries were made for his treatises and ideas until the 19th century. Especially, the advance of materialism in the West in this century showed great influence on many scholars and intellectuals in the Ottoman Empire seems to be a parallel historical experience. Therefore, it has become necessary to utilise the arguments for the existence of Allah by supporting each individual argument together. In this regard, in our study, to see the process, we also discussed the views of Aḥmad Nūrī, one of the scholars in the last period Ottoman, who dealt with the common arguments about ithbāt al-wājib produced by the three primary schools of Islamic thought: kalām, Islamic philosophy and mysticism. (shrink)

Hayata gözlerini açan insanoğlu, kendisini bir dinî geleneğin ve kültürün içerisinde bulur. Dinî sözler ve telkinlerle karşılaşır, dinî nesne ve mekânları müşahede eder, dindar kimselerle görüşür ve onlarla iletişim içerisinde hayatını sürdürür. Din hakkında ailesinden, çevresinden çeşitli bilgiler öğrenir; dinî ibadetlerini yerine getiren insanları görür ve zaman zaman bu ibadetlere kendisi de katılır. Sorular sorar, araştırmalar yapar, dinî söz ve kavramları kullanmaya yönelir. Çocukluk dönemi, yetişkinlik dönemi dinî inanç, tutum ve davranışlarının oluşmasında başka bir deyişle dinî kimliği inşasında önemli etkiye (...) sahiptir. Bu çalışma kapsamında bireysel ve kolektif dinî kimliğin kökenleri, çocukluktan yetişkinliğe kadar olan dinî deneyimler ve kültürel bağlamlar incelenmiştir. Böylece, katılımcıların dinî anlatılar ve geleneklerden edindiği referans çerçevelerini anlamlandırarak dinî kimliklerini nasıl inşa ettikleri araştırılma yoluna gidilmiştir. Bu bağlamda dinî kimliğin inşasını şekillendiren ve tanımlamaya yardımcı olan faktörler teorik ve alan araştırması olmak üzere iki boyutta analiz edilmiştir. 2021-2022 yılları arasında Kahramanmaraş’ta ikamet eden 25-75 yaş arasında 60 katılımcı ile görüşülmüştür. Çalışmada yetişkin dindar bireylerin dinî kimliklerini nasıl inşa ettikleri ile ilgili elde edilen bulguların analizi nitel veri toplama yöntemlerinden fenomenolojik desen kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada fenomenolojik desenle özdeşleşmiş olan amaçlı örneklem yöntemi ile katılımcılar seçilmiş, 5 ana kategori ve 13 alt kategori için ayrı ayrı hazırlanmış yarı yapılandırılmış sorularla 40-160 dakika arasında yüz yüze derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler MAXQDA 12 paket programı ile analiz edilmiş ve kategoriler oluşturulmuştur. Bu noktada araştırmamızda Bir insanın dinî kimliğinin şekillenmesinde ve sürdürülmesinde etkili olan faktörler nelerdir? sorusuna araştırma bulguları çerçevesinde cevap aranmaktadır. Rol kuramının temel yaklaşımlarından hareket eden çalışma sonucunda elde edilen bulgulardan hareketle bireyin dini kimliğini inşasında “aile” faktörünün önemli olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Dinî kimliğin şekillenmesinde aile üyelerinden etkili olanlar anne-baba olmasının yanında bazı katılımcıların üzerinde ailenin diğer büyüklerinden büyük-anne, büyük-baba gibi aile fertlerinin de etkisi olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra ailenin veya çevrenin yönlendirmesi ile gidilen okul ve kursların, tanışılan din görevlisi ve dini grupların, takip edilen medya programlarının aileden sonra bireyin dinî kimliği inşasını etkileyen faktörler olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada aynı zamanda dinî metinlerin ve folklorik öğelerin, bireyin yaşantısında sembolik olarak yansıtılan kılık kıyafet tarzı, yeme içme gibi seçimlerin yapılmasında, dinî emirlerinin ve ahlâkî ilkelerin uygulanmasında kısacası dinî kimliğinin inşasında kalıp roller sağladığı tespit edilmiştir. (shrink)

Bu metnin gayesi, dil felsefesi, mantık ve ontoloji alanlarında ortak olarak karşılaşılan boş adlar problemini ele almaktır. Metinde, çağdaş semantik kuramlarının ve dil felsefesinin ortaya çıkışında önemli rolü olan J. S. Mill’in özel adlar üzerine düşüncelerinden başlanarak, analitik felsefenin temelini atan, köşe taşları diyebileceğimiz G. Frege ve B. Russell’ın semantik kuramlarına değinilecektir. Daha sonra, kendi dil felsefesi pozisyonunu bu iki isimin eleştirisi üzerinden kurgulayan S. Kripke’nin, bu isimlere karşı olan argümanları incelenecektir. Metinde, bu incelemeyi gerçekleştirdikten sonra, S. Kripke ve B. (...) Russell’ın dil felsefesinde savundukları pozisyonlar ile onların ortaya koydukları mantık modellerinin arasındaki ilişki ele alınacaktır. Nihai olarak, dil felsefesi, mantık ve ontolojinin sınırlarının ne kadar iç içe geçmiş olduğu, ismi geçen filozofların dil felsefesindeki kuramlarının ontolojik çıktıları incelenerek ortaya konulacaktır. (shrink)

Издание адресовано научным работникам, преподавателям, студентам и аспирантам, а также практикам, интересующимся вопросами истории философии, эстетики, религиоведения и смежными проблемами.

This work deals with principles determined by an Ottoman judge who lived in the 16th century about which of the contradictory verses should be chosen. İt is known that it is only possible with a good evaluation of the evidence presented to the court in order to reach a fair decision. Because one of the most important things to pay attention is to the evidence presented to the court and the judge tries to reach a fair decision by evaluating this (...) evidence. However, the main problem encountered at this stage is a presentation of contradictory evidence to the court by the parties of the case. In this case, reaching the right decision is only possible by choosing the method that will lead to the right decision among these conflicting methods. In this study, the preference principles that Vankulu Mehmet Efendi (D.1000/1592) discussed in his work called Tercihul’l beyyinat will be examined. As far as we can determine, this work is the first to deal with the principles of choice among evidence. Vankulu Mehmet Efendi was a scholar who lived in the XVI-century Ottoman Empire and held important positions such as muderris, mufti and kaddish in different regions of the Ottoman Empire. The author has worked in the field of fiqh and language. His work Tercîḥu'l-beyyinât is a work about which there is no work until today. In this work, it is explained which of this evidence should be chosen if there is contradictory evidence presented by the parties in a case. In addition, with this study, it will be tried to make determinations about the level reached in the judicial procedure during the period in which the author lived. Therefore, while dealing with the subject, beyond analyzing the principles determined by the author in detail, it will be tried to determine which sources the author has reached these principles by referencing. Thus, it will be tried to contribute to the understanding of the sources used by the Ottoman qadi of the period while determining the principles of judgment. (shrink)

Arts and Humanities in Higher Education, Volume 21, Issue 2, Page 139-157, April 2022. This article examines the pedagogical potential and challenges of the design jury as an assessment method from the perceptions of the tutor/jury member and the design students. It aims to gain an understanding of the factors that create opportunities for, and barriers to, the promotion of learning in the design jury. It inquires the possible contributions of the jury into formative evaluation processes in design education. The (...) results show that the communication modalities, and the evaluation criteria influence the way tutors and students perceive design jury as a pedagogical method. While the hierarchy between the jury member and the student creates a barrier to constructive feedback, a balance between formative and summative evaluations is essential in the design jury. Transparency of evaluation criteria decreases design students’ concern for grade. The design jury could also serve for formative evaluation. A student-centred approach to design jury engenders experiences of deep learning. (shrink)

The subject of this study will be to analyze the contribution of an important figure of the period known as the period of new ilm al kalām in the history of kalām, which started in the mid-nineteenth century and included the first periods of the Republic. This person is Mehmet Şerafettin Yaltkaya (1880-1947). Yaltkaya stands out with his original aspects such as being both a school and a madrasa student, representing his scholar and government bureaucrat personality together and strongly, and (...) his open support for the changes and transformation periods of Republican Turkey. It is known that difficult and troubled times in history have been the source of the emergence of rich intellectual movements. Yaltkaya was also nourished by such a political and intellectual hinterland. As is known, the changes in Western thought in the nineteenth century led to the emergence of atheist and materialist worldviews, which was one of the important reasons that caused us to open a new era in kalām. It has even been interpreted that the Ottoman scholars' work on the criticism of materialism was the main reason for the opening of this new era in kalām. In this regard, before discussing Yaltkaya's point of view and his contributions, we have tried to briefly discuss the historical conditions, changes and transformations of the new period of kalām, accompanied by the views of some of its representatives, which will help us to recognize the period. Secondly, we have endeavored to deal with the main dynamics of Şerafettin Yaltkaya's theological views, especially his scholarly and actional aspects that came to the fore in the course of his life, and in particular his up to date understanding of isbāt al-wājib regarding the existence of God and the social theory of kalām (ictimaī ilm al-kalām) about which the debates intensified. As far as we have been able to determine, Yaltkaya's theological views are actually a multiple-polarized structure that draws from all schools of kalām, philosophy, and Sufism. His interest in different disciplines of Islamic sciences and his curiosity in modern sciences also contributed to his vigorous personality. On the other hand, it must be said that he was also influenced by Western intellectuals and evaluated the possibilities of reason and instinct. Yaltkaya's support for Ottoman modernization and Republic reforms are among the significant aspects of Yaltkaya, both an Islamist and a kind of cultural nationalist. He made great contributions to the world of scholarship and thought of his time with his knowledge and works in different disciplines such as kalām, philosophy, literature, sufism history of sects and history of medicine. In addition, we believe that his lectures on kalām, philosophy and history of sects in important high schools and universities that were newly opened at the time and his position as the second head of the Presidency of Religious Affairs supported the background of his ideas that we highlight in this article. We have determined that Yaltkaya, who criticized the theological views of the traditional scholars, was also closely familiar with and influenced by Western scholars and philosophers who were his contemporaries. (shrink)

This article reveals the pathologies of the Turkish republican project of laicism by focusing on the differences between the ideas of Ziya Gökalp and the leading architects of this project. Ziya Gökalp reasoned within the logic of the empire and envisioned a synthesis among Turkism, westernism and Islam. The logic of the republic à la Turca, on the other hand, was shaped by a radical break from Islam. The distaste that the architects of the republican laicist project had developed towards (...) Islam became apparent during the years between 1920 and 1925. Accordingly, the republican project of laicism nurtured a highly visible control of the state over religion rather than a separation between the affairs of the state and religion. This article also discusses the possibilities of reforming the republican project of laicism that is congenial with democratization processes in Turkey. (shrink)

In this paper we interpret and examine critically John Locke’s ideas on cognitive (intellectual) virtues and values presented in his The Conduct of the Understanding (1697). We believe that the cognitive subject’s virtues discussed by Locke are universal. We believe that knowledge and understanding must and can be guided by the pursuit of truth. But this concerns only the motivation component of knowledge, and not its success which is ultimately determined by the epistemic environment.

The Holy Quran is one of the fields of application and appearance of the rules regarding the Arabic language. Before the revelation of the Holy Quran, the Arab community had a characteristic language so they did not need to create a source or rule that they would accept as a basis for their language. After the Quran was revealed, different nations adopted the religion of Islam and a need of learning and teaching the sources of the religion emerged. New communities (...) that adopted the religion of Islam began to make some mistakes while reading the Holy Quran. When the misreading of the Holy Quran, which is one of the primary sources, became widespread, a group of scholars wrote independent works that were considered as sources on this subject due to the close connection of the Holy Quran and its sciences with the Arabic language, and thus fulfilled the duty of preserving the language. They also made a significant effort to serve Islam. As a result of these efforts, sciences related to the Arabic language emerged. The science of recitation, which examines different reading styles of the Holy Quran, and the science of i'râb, which examines the grammatical structure of the sentence while examining the reading ways of the verses from the Quran, are among the sciences that emerged as a result of these efforts. The science of recitation, which deals with the different reading of the verses from the Holy Quran, has set forth certain rules for the recitation of the verses from the Quran in different ways. The science of i'râb, which deals with the grammatical difference in the sentence, deals with the change in the sentence structure that occurs due to the characteristics of the Arabic language and some other factors, and deals with the possibility of this. The numerousness of recitations is also a manifestation of Allah's mercy. Although the recitations are diverse, the issue of which recitation will be accepted and which will be rejected has also been measured and it has been demonstrated with evidence that the selection process is not an undiscriminating process. In this study, primarily, the definition of the concept of recitation is given and issues such as the conditions for accepting any recitation and types of recitation are discussed. Thereafter, the issue of i'rab diversity as a feature of the Arabic language was discussed and the reasons for the i'râb differences in the Holy Quran were tried to be emphasized. (shrink)

Using an integrative grounded theory design, this study investigated prospective teachers’ moral perceptions, emotions, behavioral intentions, and reasons for their moral behavioral intentions concerning their future teaching to uncover whether prospective teachers’ sense of moral agency would be explained within a multi-layered framework. The data were collected through semi-structured focus-group interviews with 40 conveniently sampled prospective teachers. The results revealed that prospective teachers’ sense of moral agency encompassed perceptual (i.e. moral perceptions, emotions, behavioral intentions, and reasons for moral behavioral intentions), (...) regulatory (i.e. prescriptive and proscriptive moral regulation systems), and contextual layers (i.e. personal, interpersonal, and social contexts). Theoretical and practical implications were also discussed in the study. (shrink)

In this digital age with its global challenges and opportunities, the need for a new, sustainable policy framework is becoming more obvious. For this reason, the necessity for institutions to fully commit to justice and security in the digital landscape is increasing. This will ensure constant peace and stability, and improve human rights throughout the world. The study concentrates on the importance and need for initiatives to promote the world and the exaltation of sustainable development around the world. The creation (...) of an exclusive and safe environment is strengthening legal norms and compliance. The desire is for the world of justice and fair progress as the main goals for international society among complex geopolitical landscapes and multifaceted sociosemiotic dynamics. A multifaceted approach is therefore employed to examine the sustainable development with the element and principles of the rule of law and human rights in stimulating global transformations to a fair and equal world. The study emphasizes the high influence of global initiatives, demonstrating challenges and its fastest solution to promote peace in the world, human rights and inclusive justice, with strategic interaction, partnership with exchange experience thereby driving sustainable development. (shrink)

Our reply focuses on three key themes raised in the symposium. First, we discuss an enduring issue in Marxist International Relations: ‘the problematic of the international’ and the problems of methodological internalism. We examine how our interlocutors have responded to this problematic and why we consider these responses insufficient. Specifically, we suggest that the source of our disagreement is grounded in two divergent understandings of the problem of internalism itself. We then reassert the value of our chosen response to the (...) problematic – uneven and combined development. Second, we respond to the criticism that our extension ofUCDas a ‘transmodal’ general abstraction is problematic by further explicating the significance and role of general abstractions in Marxist theory – a point yet addressed by our critics. Finally, we return to the fundamental question at the core of the transition debate: what is capitalism and how do we theorise it? (shrink)